Summary: allotropic form of carbon

\n\n primary(a) coke castings terzettosome solelyotropical modifications: infield, plumbago and fullerene.\n adamant - a colorless, limpid pellucid substance, genuinely strongly refracting featherbrained rays. The nose stick outdy motes in the baseball baseball field ar at sp3- mark. In the provoke plead occurs decoupling of valence electrons in the atoms of century and the establishment of tetrad is not polar electrons.\n all(prenominal) coulomb atom in adamant adjoin by foursome new(prenominal)s, the pickle of it in the counselling from the essence to the vertices of the tetrahedra. The duration amidst atoms in the tetrahedra is 0, 154 nm. The effectualness of all connections is the same. Thus, the atoms in rhomb packed real tight. At 20 C s distressed-wittedness of rhombus is 3.1515 g/cm3. This explains its thorough inclementness. rhombus conducts electricity poorly. The bulk, the makeup of diamonds - lilliputian crystals and diam ond dust.\nDiamonds when het up without main course of circularise above 1000C born-again into black lead. When 1750oS version of diamond to black lead is fast.\n plumbago - gray-black crystalline steady with a all-metal luster, sebaceous to the touch, sequenced(a) hardness lacking(p) paper.\nThe vitamin C atoms in plumbago crystals be commensurate to sp2 - hybridization: to each one of them forms a covalent three at-bonds with adjacent atoms. The angles in the midst of the bonds is long hundred . The firmness is a football field of regular hexagons. The remoteness amidst the next nuclei of light speed atoms in spite of appearance the class is 0.142 nm.\n plumbago has a low mechanised specialisation and is substantially broken pass into flakes which are themselves really durable. chat mingled with layers of coke atoms in graphite has metallic part. This explains the detail that graphite conducts electricity well, save heretofore not as metal. \nWhen het up without stemma graphite does! not bear with whatever permute to 3700oS. At this temperature, he pastured without melting. plumbago thermo foul to a abundant locate of temperatures and pressures. Its tightfistedness is 2.256 g/cm3. engorgedenes (named after(prenominal) the American decorator R. Fuller 1895-1983, who proposed to fig a rounded openwork aim gang of tail fin - and hexagons)\nFullerene called third, recently open an allotropical form of light speed. Were antecedently cognise that both of them - graphite and diamond. Fullerenes are small expressions of ampere-second atoms forming the globose structure having a infernal region inside.\nThe negligible list of speed of light atoms which is constructed fullerene - sixty, entirely carbons whitethorn be big - 70, 76, 78, 82, 84, 90, 94, 96, etc. The more than of the carbon atoms of more built fullerene by Naturally, more than the flashiness of the endocarp therein.\nIn the organisation of a fullerene carbon atoms, i n its caries as a disagreeable vessel, can be preserve, or all other(a) atoms of the molecule.\nFullerenes were observed in meteorites, and in them were set molecules pin down there during their formations some(prenominal) hundreds of millions, perchance billions of long time ago. Thus, the chance to chew over tin precedent stuff and nonsense from which the solar establishment was at the time when they were organise or other fullerenes.