Research paper on carnival Essay Example for Free

Research paper on genus Circus Es phraseMardi grasJust the quotation Mardi gras conjures up images of drunken, bead- vesture revelers move through the pathways of saucily Orleans. But how, and when, did this huge mid-winter get a speech rhythmy get st artistic creationed? Heres a touch sensation at the history of Mardi gras through give away the ages and across the nations. Her populace states, Historians tell us that the ancient Romans probably kicked off the Mardi gras jubilations. (pg. 115)Their mid-February fete known as Lupercalia honored the theology Lupercus, alternately known as the god of fertility and the god of agriculture and pastoral shepherds. In either case, his party definitely had Mardi Gras-like qualities, including days of feasting and drinking. And a sl destinationer enjoying the pleasures of the flesh, probably, too in fact, the term bazaar, oft synonymous with Mardi gras, is derived from the Latin expression pith farewell to the flesh. kindr ed most of the ancient Roman and Greek fetes, Lupercalia was adopted and adapted by the Church as a way of subtly converting the local pagans to Christianity. The pleasure ground-like celebration of Lupercalia thus morphed into a digest fling in the first interpose the runner of the Len ex tip. Lent refers to the 40 days of pertinence and purification celebrated between Ash Wednesday and easterly Sunday.During Lent, the religiously faithful ref rainwater from a number of indulgences of the flesh, including eating meat. (pg. 220) What began as a Roman-based celebration readily spread across the European continent. By medieval clocks, lords were hosting carnivals prior to Lent in honor of the swig of their naked as a jaybird k iniquitys. Each region and rural celebrated their own usages, provided all were indulgent. pic In France, this hang-upover of revelry before Lent was curiously raucous. In fact, the term Mardi gras is a French expression meaning Fat Tuesday li kely referring to the indulgent nature of the pre-Lenten celebration. The name may have been much than nonwithstanding allegorical, however. quaint pagans often marked their fertility ritual by parading a fattened ox through the township before sacrificing it. (lent pg. 101) It was too the French who brought the celebration to America. Many historians believe the party crossed the Atlantic marine in 1699, on the ship of a French explorer named Sieur dIberville.The Frenchman landed in what is today Louisiana, just south of New Orleans, the heart of Americas groundbreaking-day Mardi Gras celebrations. In fact, his landing is believed to have coincided with the French celebration of Mardi gras, explaining his select of name for his point of entry Point du Mardi Gras. However, dis pukee the dIberville connection, contending that it was the early French settlers to Louisiana who wrapd Mardi gras to America. Regardless of the circumstantial origin, Mardi gras washbasin clearly be attributed to a Franco-influence. By the mid 1820s, Mardi gras was firmly rooted in the New Orleans culture. Lent later on states that Today, the metropoliss celebrations are considered one of Americas biggest parties, with towns and cities throughout the Gulf Coast Region getting in on the fun. (112) Zulu (krewe of Mardi gras)Early in 1909, a group of laborers who had organized a club named The Tramps, went to the Pythian zephyr of business to memorise a musical comedy get alonged by the Smart Set. The comedy included a skit en deedd, in that respect Never Was and Never Will Be a King like Me, about the Zulu Tribe. (herman pg. 201) The earliest signs of institution came from the fact that the majority of these men belonged to a Benevolent Aid Society. Benevolent Societies were the first forms of insurance in the Black community where, for a small amount of dues, members received financial help when sick or financial aid when burying deceased members. Conversations and i nterviews with older members overly indicate that in that era the city was split into wards and individually ward had its own group or Club. The Tramps were one such(prenominal) group. After seeing the skit, they retired to their meeting distance (a room in the rear of a restaurant/bar in the 1100 gormandise of Perdido Street), and emerged as Zulus. (pg 210). consort to herman, This group was probably do up of members from the Tramps, the Benevolent Aid Society and former(a)wise ward-based groups. While the Group marched in Mardi gras as early as 1901, their first appearance as Zulus came in 1909, with William Story as King. The group wore raggedy pants, and had a Jubilee-singing quartet in front of and behind King Story. His deck up of lard can crown and banana stalk scepter has been well documented. The Kings following William Story, (William Crawford 1910, Peter Williams 1912, and henry Harris 1914), were similarly attired. (pg. 214). 1915 heralded the first use of floats, constructed on a spring wagon, using dry frank boxes. The float was decorated with palmetto leaves and moss and carried four Dukes along with the King. That humble beginning gave rise to the lavish floats we see in the Zulu border today. On September 20, 1916, in the notorial office of Gabriel Fernandez, the Zulu Social Aid and Pleasure Club were incorporated. xxii of the organizations officers and members signed the first official document.The Geddes and Moss Funeral Home, located on Washington Avenue, played an integral part in Zulus beginning, and have continued to do so throughout the grades. The first official toast of King Zulu and his faery is held at this establishment each year. Zulus were not without their controversies, either. In the 1960s during the height of Black awareness, it was unpopular to be a Zulu. Dressing in a grass skirt and donning a black face were seen as being demeaning. Large numbers of black organizations protested against the Zulu organiz ation, and its membership dwindled to approximately 16 men. James Russell, a long- measure member, served as president in this period, and is credited with holding the organization together and slowly removeing Zulu back to the forefront. (pg. 220) In 1968, Zulus route took them on two major streets namely, St. Charles Avenue and Canal Street, for the first time in the modern era to see the Zulu parade, you had to travel the so-called back streets of the Black neighborhoods.The segregation laws of this period contributed to this, and Zulu tradition also played a part. In those days, neighborhood bars sponsored certain floats and, consequently, the floats were obligated to pass those bars. Passing meant stopping, as the bars advertised that the Zulus forget stop here Once stopped at a sponsoring bar, it was often difficult to get the riders out of the establishment, so the other floats took off in different directions to fulfill their obligations. Zulu has bad tremendously over t he age. This continual growth is credited to the members for their love, loyalty and dedication to this organization. In 1978, the organization assailable its doors to their new home, a two-story frame building houses a lounge pull eatstairs for members and guests to enjoy themselves. Of all the throws to rain down from the approximately(prenominal) floats in the parades during carnival, the Zulu coconut or Golden Nugget is the most sought afterwardwards.The earliest informant to the coconut appears to be about 1910 when the coconuts were given from the floats in their natural hairy state. Some days later there is a reference to Lloyd Lucus, the sign painter, scraping and painting the coconuts. This was the forerunner to the beautifully decorated coconuts we see today. (pg. 229) With the proliferation of lawsuits from people alleging injury from thrown coconuts, the organization was unable to get insurance coverage in 1987. So that year, the honored tradition was suspended . After much lobbying, the Louisiana Legislature passed SB188, aptly dubbed the Coconut Bill, which excluded the coconut from obligation for alleged injuries arising from the coconuts handed from the floats. On July 8, 1988, then-governor Edwards signed the bill into law. (pg. 233)fair in the CaribbeanHundreds of years ago followers of the Catholic religion in Italy started the tradition of holding a wild costume festival secure before Lent. Because Catholics are not supposed to eat meat during Lent, they called their festival, carnevale-which means to put away meat. (internet berth caribbean carnival)As time passed, carnivals in Italy became quite famous. The practice spread to France, Spain and Portugal. As these Catholic countries began to take maneuver of the Americas and other parts of the world, they brought with them their tradition of celebrating genus Circus. In many parts of the world, where Catholic Europeans set up colonies and entered into slave trade, carnival t ook root. Today carnival celebrations are found throughout the Caribbean. Traditions of the cultures have come together and especially African dance and music traditions transformed the early European carnival traditions in the Americas.Important to the Caribbean festival arts are the ancient African traditions of parading and moving in circles through villages in costumes and screens. These traditions were believed to bring upright fortune, to heal problems and chill out angry spirits. Caribbean carnival traditions also borrow from the African culture the tradition of creating pieces of sculpture, masks and costumes. For the Caribbean people carnival became an principal(prenominal) way to express their rich heathen traditions. It takes many months of coming up with a theme or overall concept and developing costumes for the dancers. Lots of creativity, energy and patience is put into work such as welding, painting, sewing, gluing, applying feathers, sequins and glitter. Carniva l groups, entertained by music orchestras, parade and dance wearing costumes represent a prevalent theme.When Carnival first began it was celebrated from December 26 until Shrove Tuesday (the day before Ash Wednesday). Nowadays Carnival festivities and activities are being held year-round in the Caribbean. The dates on which Carnival celebrations such as music competitions, festivals, concerts, street jump-ups, beauty pageants, balls, parades etc. take shopping center may vary from country to country, from island to island. For days, sometimes weeks, the people of the Caribbean express themselves socially and artistically and sheer joy with vi perplexors from all over the world. (internet sit Caribbean carnival)E genuinelyone, including the spectators, is part of the celebrations.Antigua and BermudaThe festivities reveal the many influences that formed the Antiguan society, cultural, social and political. Over the years cultural elements from countries like Venezuela, Brazil, Hol land, Colombia and the United States have slipped into the Antiguan community and blended with and into the unique world famous carnival celebration with its typical characteristics of creativity and rhythm, dance happiness, Flamboyant costumes, Beauty pageants, Talent delegates, and Great music. All these and more define a fantastic celebration of happiness that is the Antigua Carnival. In retrospect, the Antigua Carnival dates back in imposing 1 of 1834 when slavery was absolutely abolished. In 1666, it was ravaged by French inhabitants but was before long conquered by the British and was officially restored to them by the Treaty of Breda. It all started when the local natives immediately went to the streets to express their joyful celebration of freedom.As the years passed by, it continued not until in 1957 where it was declared an official Antigua Carnival. (oduber pg. 97) Since then, the Antigua Carnival has developed into ten days packed with revelry in a glitzy manner of dance to the beat of the Calypso. It includes marches, jump-ups and shows which always took place around the last week of July up to the first week of August. The Antigua Carnival is undeniably the best time for tourists to immerse with the culture of this Caribbean island. If you head to the city, you are fortunate to witness the Pan Ban, a steel orchestra, practicing for the so fart.(oduber pg. 99) They go by troupes as they set up a Mas Camp, a base where their intricate wardrobes are made. It is also the starting point as they walk to the metropolis to open the Antigua Carnival. The lively event culminates by a massive road party called Jouvert, which means day break. Everybody is literally on their feet as they sway to the beat of the drums from the young night until the middle morning.Barbados ( dress up over)Masquerading was an old African tradition, where they paraded in masks and costumes through the villages to bring good luck and to remove evil spirits. Originally mater ials for costumes were natural things such as grass, beads, bones, etc. Head-pieces and Masks were made of feathers to symbolize that people can spiritually rise above anything. Most European colonies within the Caribbean who were part of the slave trade have Carnival or Carnival-like celebrations. (praiser pg. 23)Now in large countries like USA, Canada and England, where they are Caribbean communities you will find Carnival celebrations.The History of Crop OverThe end of the breadstuff beat harvest, or Crop Over as it is almost always referred to, has long been the occasion for celebration. In what seems to be the earliest reference to the Crop Over festival, we find the manager of Newton Plantation writing in 1788 to the estates owner in England, telling him that he had held a dinner and sober dance for the slaves, saying twas a celebration of harvest-tide Time after the crop. (housman pg. 304) Many smells of plantation life in Barbados carried on unchanged after the end of sl avery, and the Crop Over festival likewise continued. Never the less there must have been an authorised difference in the way in which the festival was perceived. Before emancipation, the planter had no choice but to support his slaves, well or badly as the case might have been, all year round. After 1838, for most people Crop Over meant not just the end of a period of hard work, but also the beginning of a period of less work and lower wages. For many the interval between two crops would indeed have been hard times, and the symbol of these, perhaps not invented until after Emancipation, was the figure of a man stuffed with trash (the dried leaves of the sugar cane plant) which was known as Mr. Harding. (pg. 311) Mr. Harding was formally introduced to the manager of the plantation, and, according to some accounts, later burnt as part of the celebrations which must have had a tinge of desperation to them as people strove to enjoy themselves while they could.The festival was apparent ly fairly common at the beginning of the present century, by which time the name Crop Over seems to have ousted that of harvest-festival Time. A kneadion of carts would bring the last canes to the plantation yard, the draught animals being decorated with flamboyant, frangipani and other flowers, whilst brightly colored kerchiefs would be tied like flags to the canes. The laborers would parade around the yard, and it was at this point that that they would introduce Mr. Harding to the manager, after which they would adjourn for a dance, for the manager or the owner of the estate would normally contribute some salt meat and rum.Even by 1940 Crop Over was being described as a custom which has very nearly died out, according to Housman (pg. 316), and the continuing decline of sugar and the growing availability of other sources of enlistment had put an end to much of traditional plantation life. The modern Crop Over, revived by the Board of Tourism in 1974 and now administered by the N ational Cultural Foundation, pays tribute to the fact that sugar is still important in Barbados and the immense influence which it has had on our history. The present day festival is very different from the old time Crop Over, but it continues as a tradition by offer a thrilling celebration of many aspects of Bajan Culture, old and new.CROP-OVER CARNIVALCrop-over has blend in the centerpiece of Barbados culture, a process enriched by much history, a savvy visitor promotional sense, and the great nearby pre-Lenten Carnival of Trinidad Tobago. Conga-line from April 22 May 01 begins with the longest Conga line in the Caribbean and features a series of concerts at the Malibu Conga line Village. May 1 is the finale, where bands, floats and Carnival goers take part in the May Day Parade, The Caribbeans largest summer Carnival begins on the first Saturday with the Decorated cart and float opening and Gala crop-over opening. (praiser pg.31) This parade begins at capital of Barbados Inde pendence Square in the early afternoon and finishes at the National Stadium. Here, the opening ceremony takes place with the ceremonial delivery of the last canes and the crowning of the king and queen of the festival followed by an excellent night of entertainment and socializing. The festival, revived in 1974 following a 30-year hiatus, continues to grow and evolve with the culture. Unlike most Carnivals whose root are in spring, Crop-over is a harvest festival dating back centuries to the end of the sugar cane season.The end to all the grueling and arduous work was marked by the final delivery of canes to the mill. for sure a cause for song, dance and general jubilation, as such, the workers would begin the festivities by boisterously telling each other CROP OVER. Folk Concerts celebrating the emancipation from slavery are popular events during the Carnival season the last Carnival weekend features the most important Carnival events. On Friday, there will be the Pic-O-De-Crop Fi nals at the National Stadium. The next night in the wee hours of Sunday morn, the Fore-Day morning jump-up will go down from 2am till dawn. Before this special event is the steelpan competition. Cohobblopot is a huge carnival-like show where the most popular calypsonians and bands perform on Carnival Sunday night. The Calypso Contest is one of the worlds best even though it features in the main local talent.Before the best singer/songwriters of the season are chosen, the talent will perform their new compositions at many venues or tents. These tents, with names like Super Gladiators, Conquerors, House of Soca, Pioneers and Stray Cats, play an important role in deciding who will win the title of Party crowned head, Road March Monarch and the Pic-O-De-Crop Monarch. The King and fagot of the bands competition is also an important part of the Cohobblopot Sunday show. Get tickets in cite since the National Stadium can sell out, particularly with all the talk about not allowing it to b e broadcast on free TV. (pg. 37) All this buildup sack ups for a memorable Grand Finale, or as they say at Barbados Crop-over, the Grand Kadooment. Here, over two dozen large costumed bands will go dancing down de road inviting everyone to jump up with them as they make their way to the ocean surf. (pg. 42) TukIndigenous to Barbados, its a combination of African and British military rhythms with the musicians dressed in minstrel like costumes creating music from kettledrums, deep drums and whistles. They play sounds like marching band music, old-time waltzes and almost always end with an African beat. According to praier, This is a great spectacle to see. ( pg. 51) The musicians are as serious about their music as any steelband man. Although a part of the old era, it is still very alive and a part of the modern day celebrations with completions stage during Crop Over.Calypso SocaAlthough calypso is indigenous to Trinidad, it now holds a very prominent place in the Crop over Cele bration. Like Trinidad Carnival, it has all the trimmings, the Tents, parties, semi-finals judging and then to the Calypso Monarch finals, which take place just before Grand Kadooment. The Bajan artistes are holding their own with this art form and have even created new forms like Ringband and Ragga-soca, a definite invention of the Bajan calypsonians. (pg. 55)SteelbandBorrowed from Trinidad, the Bajans have interpreted it, and now the popularity and growth of the steelband in Barbados is phenomenal, states praiser. (pg. 68) with every year seeing the improvement of the sound and quality of the music to the extent that steelband has now taken a place on the curriculum of many of the schools on the island.Grand KadoomentThe grand finale, a parade of the costumed bands for the final competition for Designer of the Year Crown. The revelers are dressed in elaborate costumes depicting various themes dancing to music playing from the most popular bandstands, with disc jockeys winding thei r way down to Spring Garden where they would be judged for this coveted crown. (pg. 73) St. Vincent and the Grenadines (vincy mas)HistoryHugh Ragguette, a name that is synonymous with Carnival in St. Vincent explained to The Vincentian that the historic roots of Carnival lie in deep antiquity since at the dawn of history, man celebrated several festivals of which Carnival was one. The Kalinagos and other indigenous peoples who inhabited St. Vincent had their festivals. With the introduction of slavery, the Africans with their varying cultures and rich categorization added to those expressions. Although the practice of wearing mas came from Africa and was subsequently adopted by the Greek and Romans, it was actually the French who celebrated carnival in the Caribbean as the highlight of the year. After the British supplanted the French, the practice continued. The wearing of Mas in carnival was introduced by the Pope in Rome in 1494 and then spread throughout Europe. (Sutty pg. 37) Naturally, the slaves participated in these festivals at a different level. The slaves would have noted and participated in the festival, albeit at a different level.Naturally, they were not invited to the mas balls and dances. stated however, when personal chattel slavery ended, the freed slaves embraced carnival and turned it into a callaloo pot, adding elements of the respective cultures.(pg 38) They took to the streets and boasted the theatrical spectacle they had created and to vent their subdued creative abilities. These street marches took place on the Monday and Tuesday before Ash Wednesday. Unable to chain the hands and feet of the slaves any longer, in 1892, he related, the colonial Governor banned the festival claiming that the revellers were lashing out at each other and observers with whips. Ragguette held another opinion, The main reason was to suppress the peoples culture and their peculiar African expressions. The coloniser could not understand these expressions a nd wanted to stifle them. The fire that burnt within slavery was reduced to innocent embers and in 1879, fuelled by the unchainable African spirit it leapt into flames again. In 1899, the people decided that come what may, ban or no ban, which they were going to celebrate.They began the celebrations as early as the Friday preceding Ash Wednesday. As a result, the colonisers brought out what was termed the armed might of the Empire. (pg 44) The people resisted and a riot broke out, writing the Carnival Riots of the 11th and twelfth February into this countrys history books. From then on, Carnival has been a part of St.Vincents culture. Four years later, carnival fever spread to Trinidad in the south where the festival had been banned resulting in the Comboule Riots. throughout the years people have built on and experimented with the components of Carnival to the extent Trinidadians have invented a musical agent in the form of the steel pan to provide accompanying music to its calyp so. ( pg. 47).By 1973, it was virtually impracticable to hold all the Carnival shows during the Wednesday and Tuesday period. Our pan, our calypso, and particularly our Mas has reached a level of development that it needed to spread its locomote outside the Catholic Christian Carnival to a more embracing festival, Ragguette commented. (pg. 49) Since the festival was held so soon after Christmas and the length of time available for shows coupled with the fact the Trinidad and Tobago, whom Ragguette stated had run away with title of king of Carnival in the world and boasted of having the greatest show on earth, held its Carnival around the alike time, it was necessary to move the festival to another season.The June-July period was decided as most suitable. (pg. 50) With more time to work, the CDC wanted to introduce a Caribbean component into its programme. Antigua and Barbuda already had a Caribbean Calypso Competition and the organisation could not get beyond the logistics of a C aribbean Pan or King and Queen of the Bands competition. sutty explained that it was felt that a show should be organised to showcase the beauty and profound intelligence of our Caribbean women. (pg. 53). This resulted in the birth of Miss Caribbean Carnival Miss Carnival.TrinidadCarnivals principal components are calypso, steelpan and playing mas (masquerade). In the historic capital City of Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, these elements are harmoniously structured to form a tailfin day ritual pageant beginning with the King Queen Contest (Friday), Panorama (Saturday), Dimanche Gras (Sunday), JOuvert (Monday) and the Parade of the Bands (Tuesday). (green pg 57) These main events and countless others build to an unforgettable epiphany of beauty and stunning display of the irrepressible human spirit before concluding and allowing the quiet first day of Lent and materialisation known as Ash Wednesday to be admitted to consciousness. picThe genesis of this worlds greatest Carnival has bee n attributed to the many cultures of Trinidad and their interaction.While the African influence is predominant, the Carnival carries an overriding theme of unity, a central part of this unique cultures mythology. Trinidads namesake, the holy tercet is blessed as the unifying principle. This is the countrys well known motto, resting at the base of the ubiquitous and striking TT Coat of Arms reads, Together we Aspire, Together we achieve. (pg 59).Yet the wisdom lies in paradox for there is no Carnival with more intense competition than Trinidads. picToday Trinidads model for public celebration is the most widely imitated festival art form in the world. Many Trinidadian Carnival artists are able to work year round performing throughout North America, Europe, and the Caribbean.JouvertJab Jab The name of this mas is derived from the French patois for Diable Diable. It is fair devil mas. The costume consists of a Kandal or satin knickers, and satin shirt with points of cloth at the wai st, from which bells hang. On the chest, there is a shaped cloth panel which is decorated with swansdown, rhinestones and mirrors. Stockings and alpagatas are worn on the feet, while the headdress consists of a hood with stuffed cloth horns. The costume can come in alternating colors and be divided into front and back panels. (pg 61) The Jab Jab has a thick whip of plaited hemp which he swings and cracks threateningly. These whips can reduce the costumes of other Jab Jabs to threads. It is not to be confused with Jab Molassie. JAB MOLASSIE Jab is the French patois for Diable (Devil), and Molassie is the French patois for Mlasse (Molasses). (pg 62)The Jab Molassie is one of several varieties of devil mas played in Trinidad and Tobago carnival.The costume consists of short pants or pants cut off at the knee, and a mask and horns. The jab malassie would carry chains, and wear locks and keys around his waist, and carry a pitch fork. He may begrime his body with grease, tar, mud or col ored dyes (red, green or blue). The jab molassie wines or gyrates to a regular beat that is played on tins or pans by his imps. While some of his imps supply the music, others hold his chain, evidently restraining him as he pulls against them in his wild dance. The differences among the various forms of devil mas were once distinct, but have become blurred over time.Trinidads carnival is a gorgeous paradigm of how carnival can connect the entire world. In this Trinidad little nation, the lifestyle and customs of various cultures come collectively for a short five days every year, the entire country stops thinking about their dissimilarities to celebrate life convertible to many other countries under colonial rule, the history of Native Americans and African people in Trinidad is horrifying and a sad story. At different times England and Spain both maintained Trinidad as their colonies. Around 1785, Carnival was introduced to Trinidad. The French settlers started to arrive. The c ustom caught on rapidly, and fancy balls were held where the rich planters pretend masks, and beautiful dresses, wigs, and dance the whole night.The employ of masks had particular meaning for the slaves, as for several African peoples, masking is usually used in their rituals for the dead. ostensibly banned from the masked balls of the French, the slaves would grasp their own tiny carnivals in their gardens using their folklore and own rituals. However they also imitate their masters manners at the masked balls. Carnival has turned out to be a way to convey their authority as individuals for African people, and also for their rich cultural traditions. (pg. 102) The slavery was eradicated after 1838, the Africans were freed and started to host their individual carnival celebrations in Trinidad streets.This carnival developed progressively and sophisticated and rapidly became trendier than the balls. Nowadays, Trinidad carnival is like a mirror that reflects the faces the many immig rant nations from Africa, India, China and Europe. Carnival is such a significant aspect of life in Trinidad, as many schools trust that funding/ sponsoring a carnival band is a way to train youngsters about their culture and roots. According to green, Hundreds of schools and community organizations contribute in Trinidads Kiddies Carnival. In this fashion, communities works as one to build up strong friendships and good respect for the various cultures that make up Trinidad. (pg. 59)BibliographyCaribbean carnival Caribseek.comhttp//www.caribseek.com/adventure_and_entertainment/carnivals/caribbean-carnival.shtml.Carnival in Trinidad. Mustard.org.early 1985 carnival in Trinidadevolution and symbolic menaing.21 February 2008 http//www.mustard.org.uk/articles/trinidad.htm.Cowley, John. Carnival, Canboulay and Calypso Traditions in the Making. Trinidad Macmillan Caribbean May 4, 1988Green, Garth L. 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